Proteins are an important component of the cell. Although protein synthesis via transcription and translation is essential for biological activities, it is not surprising that protein degradation is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. 　Autophagy is a large-scale degradation system that is widely conserved from unicellular eukaryotes such as budding yeast to mammals such as us.　In this lecture, I would like to give an overview of the current status of autophagy research using budding yeast as a model.

　The diffusion of low-carbon technologies such as photovoltaic power generation and LED lighting requires the purchase of these technologies by end consumers. However, even if it becomes reasonable (economically viable) to purchase these technologies through price reduction or diffusion measures, diffusion will not necessarily proceed. This is partly due to the fact that many consumers are impatient and tend to place particular emphasis on current profit and loss. 　In this lecture, I would like to consider strategies for the diffusion of low-carbon technologies based on the results of a survey on the degree of impatience and risk preference of consumers.

　The magnetic energy stored in plasma is released in a short time through magnetic reconnection, which causes various macroscopic phenomena. Such magnetic reconnection events, such as solar flares, are thought to occur in microscopic regions where the plasma cannot be approximated as a fluid, and research to clarify the elementary processes is progressing. 　In this lecture, we will review the basic physics of plasma phenomena and examples of actual observations.