Currently, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is studying the possibility of realizing a Mars ground mission around 2020. In order to realize Mars exploration, which has already been done by Europe and the United States, a convincing rationale is needed and there are many technical issues that need to be overcome. In this lecture, the significance of Japan's Mars exploration will be discussed and the current status of technological development will be introduced.

　Following the completion of whole-genome analysis, research to elucidate gene function at the individual level using medaka as a vertebrate model has been conducted extensively. In order to analyze the whole body of medaka, we are conducting histological analysis of the whole body, recording and analysis of all activities of medaka, and numerical analysis of medaka movements. We will introduce the history of our research and the results we have obtained. 　

　Vertical mixing phenomena of heat and materials in the ocean are carried by small-scale eddies, and are related to environmental problems of various scales from familiar marine environmental problems such as coastal areas and lakes to global warming phenomena. The meaning of vertical mixing phenomena and its numerical modeling will be discussed.